Various kinds of Criticism
Name : Dave Avni J.
Roll no : 03
Paper-3 : Lit crit 1
Enrollment no : 2069108420190011
Email id : avni.dave1998@gmail.com
Submitted to : Smt.S.B.Gardi Department of English
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Various kinds of Criticism
=) What is criticism?
In ancient time literature was a kind of activity in broader meaning it included literary criticism. But after Dryden criticism found it's own place and it became an independent branch. Criticism is the branch of study concerned with defining, classifying and expanding and evaluating works of literature. Criticism though is considered not equal to creative process like composing poetry or writing drama but it does not stand for lower in any respect.
=) What is the role of criticism ?
There are many roles of criticism. Criticism is far from being a simple and ordinary field of beneficiant activity; it is not better than a sunday park of contending and continious orators who have not even arrived at the articulation of their differences. Criticism is a serious and responsible activity.
The function of a critic is like a lighthouse or guide or run bearer who shows path to the confused readers. It is critic who simplifies the content of the literary text so that an ordinary reader can digest the literary art presented by the poet or writer without the help of a good critic it ir really difficult to grasp literrsyn works especially poetry . A critic finds out various techniques or messages , symbols and level of art utilized in the literary composition.
Literary criticism has become in the modern times a more respetable and reliable field. Criticism enables readers to know and enjoy certain aspect of the literary texts that otherwise may be missed by an ordinary reader. Like examples, without refering William Hazlitt , and A . C. Bradley an ordinary reader can not enjoy Shakespeare's dramatic art and various techniques and composing drama. Dryden has been regarded as the father of systematic criticism. Later Mathew Arnold , Walter peter , William Hazlitt , Wordsworth , Herbert Read , T.S. Eliot , I.A.Richards , F.R. Leavis and Cleanth Brooks and Jacques Derida and many other critics have made this field of criticism more prosperous and reliable.
=) Classifying criticism into various kinds.
Criticism which was earlier not considered a very significant activity is now regarded as a respectable and reliable activity of course. A critic is not equal to a poet, however he has his own place in the society. Criticism is the branch of study concerned with defining classifying and evaluating works of luterature. Criticism can be classified into several types.
Let's discuss them one by one.
1. Theoretical Criticism :
This type of criticism under takes to establish, on the basis of general principles, a coherant set of terms, distinctions and catagories to be applied to the consideration and interpretation of works of literature criticism evaluates works of literature on the base of established standards or forms or theories of the scholar. Like examples,
- Aristotle's poetics ;
- I.A.Richard's books in english,
" Principles of Literary Criticism "
Theoretical criticism is concerned with the meaning of ideas, including ideas on which a practice is based. It is concerned with the coherance or meaningfulness of a theory, its corspondence to reality, the validity of its purpose, and the limitations of the viewpoint it offers. Theories can be criticized
from the point of view of other theories or "how much sense does it make"
internally "in their own terms" and "is it consistent"
in terms of the experiential evidence there is for those theories or "how well does the theory correspond to the facts"
the usefulness or practical gain of a theory.
the moral impeations of the theory for human action and behaviour.
2. Practical / Applied Criticism :
Practical Criticism or Applied criticism concerns itself with the discussion particular works and writers. This criticism depends on the criticism evaluation and his own judgement on works of arts.
- Dr. Johnson's "Lives of the Posts"
- Mathew Arnold's "Essays in Criticism"
- T.S.Eliot's "Selected Essays"
Practical criticisms are effective, if people are concerned with practicaliteies. If, however, people are purely concerned with what things mean, or ought to mean, they may not care about wheather their way of seeing things is "practical" or not. People might hold on to their beliefs or defend them, even if they are not very practical at all, because they feel those beliefs are essential to who they are.
3. Impressionistic Criticism :
This type of criticism attempt to represent in the words the felt qualities of a particular work and to express the impression the critic feels Hazlitt remarks,
:-You decide from feeling, and not from reason; that is from the impression of a number of things on the mind Walter Pater said that in critism,
" The first step towards seeing one's object as it really is, is know one's own impression as it really is to disclaminate it to realise it distinctly."
Example : William Hazlitt's essay
" On Genius and Common sense"
4. Judicial Criticism :
Judicial criticism on the other hand attempts not merely to communicate, but to analyse and explain the effects of a work in terms of its subject, organition and techniques, and to base the critic's individual judgement on general standards of literary excellence e.g.
- Critical Essay of E.M.Forster and Virginia Woolf
:- of judges, law courts, or their functions
:- allowed, enforced, or set by order of a judge or law court
:- administrering justice
:- like or befitting a judge
:- carefully considering the facts, arguments, etc., and reasoning to a decision; fair; unbiased nature
Some other type of critical theory and types of criticism like,
1. Mimetic Criticism :
Mimetic criticism vores the literary work as reflection or representation of the world and human life, and the primary criterion applied to a work is the truth of its representation the object it represents. The effects of imitation are usually manifested in the later text by means of distinct characterization, and plot structure.
As a critical method, mimesis criticism has been pioneered by Denis MacDonnald, especially in relation to New Tastament and other early Christian narratives imitating the "canonical" works of Classical Greek literature.Which is first appeared in Plato and in Aristotle,
Poetry twice is removed from the reality
2. Pragmatic Criticism :
This criticism shows something which is constructed in order to achieve certain effects on the audience. This approach which dominated literary discussion from roman times through the 19th century, has been revived in recent rhetorical criticism.
Plato provides a foundational and absolute argument for pragmatic criticism. Excluding poetry from his ideal Republic, Plato attempts to completely undermining the power and authority of art. He justifies his position by claiming that "the power which poetry has of harming even the good and there are very few who are not harmed and then is surely an ownful thing." Because of artists claim their imitations can be speak to the true nature of things, calmly consideration an intellectual checking and art should not be perused as a valuable endeavor
3. Expressive Criticism :
This criticism regards the work primarily in relation to the author himself. It defines poetry as an expression, or overflow of feelings, or poet's imagination operating on his perceptions thoughts and feeling : it tends to judge the work by its sincerity to the poet's individual vision or state of mind.
Formally “Expressionism” is a German movement in painting but later on, it extended its access to other literary arts too. Expressive criticism treats a literary work primarily in relation to the author. It defines poetry as an expression, or overflow, or utterance of feeling, or as the products of poet’s feelings.
The theory tends to judge the work by its sincerity to the poets’ vision or the state of mind. Such views were developed mainly by the Romantic critics and remain current in our time too. Wordsworth’s definition of poetry name is Daffodils and as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility” is taken as the ground idea of the expressive theory of art.
4. Objective Criticism :
Objective criticism approaches the work as something which stands free from poet, audience, and the environing world. It describes the literary product as a self sufficient object, which is to be analysed and judge by intrinsic criteria such as complexity. This is the characteristics approach of a number of important critics. Since the 1920s including the new critics and the Chicago school of criticism.
Taking an "objective criticism or approach" may not always be relevant, particularly in cases where it is impossible to be objective either because the relavant facts and viewpoints necessary are lacking, or because it is the subjective opinion or response that happens to be important. Thus it is possible to take an "objective approach" inappropriately in situations which call for an expression of subjective thought or feeling.
=) To sum up :
In short, it is also common to distinction types of criticism which bring to bear upon literature various special are of knowledge and therory. Some other types of criticism like,
"Historical Criticism"
"Biographical criticism"
"Sociological criticism"
"Marxist criticism"
"Psychological criticism"
"Freudian criticism"
"Logical criticism"
"Factual criticism"
"Positive criticism"
"Negative criticism"
"Constructive criticism"
~) work cited :-
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_criticism
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimesis_criticism
https://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=10088
https://www.bachelorandmaster.com/criticaltheories/about-expressive-theory.html#.W8-q45_hU0O
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_approach
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